One great way to learn about yourself is to ask yourself difficult questions. Fortunately, philosophers have already found a lot of difficult questions, so all you need to do is think about the answers. Here are some quizzes from PhilosophersNet that I found very illuminating.
What is identity?
What is taboo?
What is morally required of us?
Is your concept of morality internally consistent?
Is your concept of God internally consistent?